Review of Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Impact, and Treatment Strategies

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders globally, characterized by chronic high blood sugar levels due to either insulin deficiency or resistance. The two main types of diabetes, Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM), pose significant health challenges. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that primarily affects children and young adults, while Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, is predominantly found in adults and is increasingly common in low- and middle-income countries. This review highlights the rising global prevalence of diabetes, with projections indicating that by 2030, over 550 million people will be affected. The disease contributes to a variety of severe complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, retinopathy, nerve damage, and amputations, significantly impacting individuals' quality of life and healthcare systems. The primary objective of diabetes management is to maintain blood glucose levels within a target range to reduce the risk of long-term complications. This is achieved through a combination of lifestyle modifications, such as diet and physical activity, and pharmacological therapies. Insulin therapy remains essential for managing T1DM, while oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) are often the first-line treatment for T2DM. Despite the availability of various treatment options, managing diabetes effectively requires a personalized approach, considering individual factors and disease progression. This review emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and the role of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Keyword: Antidiabetic drug, Diabetes mellitus and types, Treatment, Side effects