International Journal of Engineering Science and Generic Research

Synthesis, biological evaluation, and analytical study of 5– [4-(4-substituted amino-3- nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl)-4,5,6,7–tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c] pyridine

Sachin Ram Rode — 2025-07-05

A novel series of 5– [4-(4-substituted amino-3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl)-4,5,6,7–tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c] pyridine] derivatives was synthesized through a multi-step synthetic route involving sulfonylation, nitration, and heterocyclic cyclization reactions. The structural identity of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by analytical techniques such as FTIR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Biological evaluation was carried out to assess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Several compounds exhibited promising bioactivity, demonstrating structure–activity relationships dependent on the nature of the amino substituent. These findings highlight the potential of thienopyridine-based sulfonamides as lead compounds for pharmaceutical development.

Keywords: NMR, Mass, IR HNMR, analysis, synthesis.

Strategies for Bioanalysis of Oligonucleotides Using LC-MS/MS- Assay development for oligonucleotide compounds in urine and skin

Rajesh S — 2025-07-05

Quantitation of in vivo oligonucleotide levels is necessary to evaluate pharmacokinetics /pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and a drug’s exposure-toxicity relationship. Therefore, a fast and reliable bioanalytical method is desired for both preclinical and clinical development. Intact oligonucleotide macromolecule analysis using LC-MS/MS presents challenges due to multiple charging, cation adduction, high protein binding, and nonspecific binding of the analyte during extraction. This analytical method development aims to provide a simpler, faster LC-MS/MS assay for an oligonucleotide in a clinical PK/PD study. Sample preparation consisted of a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using a mixed solvent of phenol/chloroform, followed by a wash with dichloromethane under basic conditions. The oligonucleotide analyte was separated on a Waters XBridge OST C18 column at 60°C, using a step-gradient elution. The mobile phases consisted of water and methanol containing 15 mM triethylamine (TEA) and 400 mM hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Analyte-1 was detected using an AB Sciex 4000 mass spectrometer in negative electrospray ionization (ESI) mode, operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with a transition of m/z 778.1 ? 94.9. A linear dynamic range of Analyte-1 from 10–10,000 ng/mL in both urine and skin homogenate was successfully qualified with good accuracy and precision. A two-step LLE LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method was thus successfully developed and qualified for the quantification of intact Analyte-1 in human urine and skin tissue to support a clinical PK study.

Keywords: Oligonucleotide bioanalysis, LC-MS/MS assay development, Liquid-liquid extraction, Urine and skin matrix, Negative electrospray ionization.

Determination of Lys-40 Acetylated Alpha-Tubulin in Rat Brain Tissue by Immuno Precipitation-Mass Spectrometry (IP-MS)

Basheer Ahmmad Shaik — 2025-07-05

Acetylation at ?-tubulin Lys-40 is a key post-translational modification (PTM) in the nervous system and is a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases and xenobiotic-induced neurotoxicity. However, the absolute level of this key PTM has not been determined in the brain. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) combines antibody specificity and mass spectrometry selectivity and is being widely applied for the targeted quantitation of proteins within complex biomatrices. Lys-40 acetylation has not been previously studied with MS due to the lack of cleavage sites in the vicinity for trypsin and other common enzymes, making it challenging to identify a surrogate peptide for MS analysis. In this study, we report that such a peptide was identified for the first time after pepsin digestion, and an IP-MS-based assay was developed to absolutely quantitate Lys-40 acetylated ?-tubulin in rat brain tissue. The workflow includes pepsin digestion, immunoaffinity enrichment of the acetylated peptide, and quantitation using a stable isotope-labelled peptide. Only a small amount of brain tissue (2 mg) was required for each analysis. The method provided a linear range of 1.0–100.0 pmol/mg brain tissue, and selectivity, precision, and accuracy were validated. This method has been successfully applied in a preclinical study of chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity, and we observed a significant decrease of brain tubulin acetylation after chronic exposure to this organophosphate insecticide.

Keywords: Tubulin acetylation, immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, chlorpyrifos and neurotoxicity

Globalization and Cultural Integration: Strategic Insights from Global Business Adaptation Neelam Bais

Neelam Bais — 2025-07-05

In an era defined by accelerated global flows of capital, information, and human interaction, globalization has emerged not only as an economic phenomenon but as a cultural force. While globalization promotes convergence of business practices and consumer cultures, it simultaneously generates cultural frictions and transformations. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) find themselves navigating the complex terrain of cultural integration—where failure to adapt can result in strategic losses, and cultural sensitivity becomes a source of competitive advantage. This paper explores the dynamics of cultural integration through a detailed case study of Food Ease International, a global fast-food chain that faced significant challenges in adapting to culturally distinct markets such as India, China, and the Middle East. Drawing from interdisciplinary perspectives—sociology, economics, psychology, and ethics—this study critically analyzes how global firms must negotiate the tension between standardization and localization. Using qualitative methods and supported by empirical evidence, this research contributes to the understanding of cultural adaptation strategies and offers policy and managerial recommendations for fostering sustainable globalization.

Keywords: Globalization, Cultural Integration, Cross-Cultural Management, Glocalization, Multinational Corporations, Localization Strategy

Evaluating Employees' Cybersecurity Perspectives Informed by Professional and Cybersecurity Threat Experiences

Sourabh Singh — 2025-07-02

A significant number of cybersecurity issues stem from human mistake, posing a concern in the business sector. Many personnel in the organization do not engage in practices that protect data due to their attitude towards cybersecurity. This research aims to investigate workers' cybersecurity perceptions, emphasizing their professional experience and exposure to cybersecurity dangers. Data were collected via a survey administered at selected business enterprises situated in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. The research used ANOVA and two-sample tests to analyze 245 data samples for hypothesis evaluation. The findings reveal notable differences in workers' cybersecurity attitudes based on their level of work experience and prior exposure to cybersecurity dangers. These results possess significant implications for information security management, providing insights into how the industry might enhance its strategic planning for information security. This may enhance cybersecurity perceptions among personnel inside firms.

Keywords: Cybersecurity attitude, cybersecurity threat, working experience, cybersecurity threat knowledge, information security, business management, information system, information technology.

Herbal Plants with Hepatoprotective Effects: A Review

Sunil Kumar Malviya — 2025-07-05

The rise of liver diseases has recently surfaced as a major issue in global health. Multiple hazardous substances, including chemotherapeutic medications, thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride, certain antibiotics, excessive alcohol use, and pathogenic microbes, may induce these disorders. Consequently, keeping the liver healthy is crucial to overall wellness. The downsides of synthetic drugs have outweighed their advantages, notwithstanding progress in pharmacology. Modern medical treatments for liver illness are expensive, associated with dangerous side effects, and ineffective, making them unaffordable for developing countries. Consequently, there seems to have been a worldwide spike in curiosity about studying medicinal plants as possible substitutes for conventional medical treatments. These plants are cheap, easily available, and do not need labor-intensive pharmaceutical production processes. Traditional herbs have been the main emphasis thus far because of their efficacy, low toxicity, and low cost. A literature search using several databases, such as Google Scholar, ISI Web of Knowledge, and PubMed, was conducted and the findings are presented in this study. We combed through every piece of literature on medicinal plants from throughout the world that may provide liver protection. Furthermore, we discussed phytochemical compounds with hepatoprotective effects and wrapped off by showcasing forthcoming studies on the subject.

Keywords: Bioactive compounds, hepatotoxicity, liver diseases, medicinal plant, pharmacology

Phytosome as an Innovative Carrier for the Delivery of Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review

Adity Sen Pal — 2025-07-05

Plant phytoconstituents with few adverse effects make phytomedicine a promising treatment option. Low bioavailability owing to large molecular size, poor lipid solubility, and bioactive component instability hinder its effectiveness. Different methods have been used to create phytochemical carrier systems with increased bioavailability. Most recently, phytosomes have become attractive lipid-based transporters for plant-based medicines and nutraceuticals. A new medicine delivery method called phytosome encapsulates bioactive ingredients in phospholipid molecules, mostly phosphatidylcholine. Phytosomes as phyto-phospholipid complexes improve target medication delivery, bioavailability, stability, pharmacological activity, and bioactive molecule protection against chemical and physical degradation. Phytosomes are widely used and accepted by science due to their efficiency and ease of manufacture. This review covers phytosome technology, its structural components, formulation methods, optimization, characterisation, and pros and cons. Recent research and phytosome-based commercial items are also discussed. In conclusion, phytosome technology is a boon for poorly bioavailable plant extracts and phytochemicals with proven processing and testing methods.

Keywords: Phytomedicine; Novel drug delivery system; Phytosome; Liposome; Bioavailability; Phytochemicals; Phosphatidylcholine; Thin layer hydration technique; Biodegradable; Supercritical anti-solvent precipitation.

A Review on Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity

Pushpendra Kumar — 2025-07-05

Nanoparticles and their compounds have potent inhibitory and antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungus. In contemporary society, the emergence of infectious illnesses caused by various harmful bacteria and the rise of antibiotic resistance have prompted pharmaceutical corporations and researchers to seek novel antimicrobial agents. The synthesis, characterization, and use of biologically produced nanoparticles have become a significant aspect of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles are produced globally in substantial volumes for various applications. The green synthesis of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles is a growing research topic due to its potential uses in the creation of revolutionary technologies. Recent advancements in research on metal nanoparticles. A nanoparticle has significant potential for healthcare items, including burn dressings, antibacterial applications, medical devices, and scaffolds. Diverse methods used for the creation of nanoparticles include chemical reduction, photochemical processes, electrochemical procedures, and green chemistry approaches. This research reports on several plants, fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes used in this technique, including the synthesis methods, nanoparticle morphology, dimensions, and their applications as antimicrobials in an elaborate way. We also elucidated the fundamental process by which nanoparticles engage with microorganisms and provided future suggestions.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, biological method, antimicrobial activities, bioassay.

Medicinal Plants Used as Anticancer Agents: A Review

Ashutosh Gopal — 2025-07-30

Common medicinal plants in India with anticancer characteristics are detailed in this review. A plethora of synthetic medicines with anticancer properties are already accessible for use; however, their adverse effects and medication interactions have severely limited their use. Herbal medicines are increasingly becoming recognized as significant sources of powerful anticancer drugs due to their broad therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. The antioxidant and anticancer effects of many medicinal plants are due to their secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and so on. We have included a synopsis of recent findings from studies on many commonly used medicinal herbs with anticancer effects in this paper.

Digital Currency and the Indian Economy: A Comprehensive Review

Neelam Bais — 2025-08-30

Digital currency has emerged as a transformative force in modern financial systems, especially within developing economies like India. This review investigates the evolution, design, and policy implications of India's Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), the Digital Rupee (?), introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It explores the rationale for its development amidst a growing digital payments ecosystem, assessing its intended role in complementing cash and improving the efficiency of existing payment infrastructures. The paper evaluates key applications of the Digital Rupee including retail transactions, government transfers, interbank settlements, and potential cross-border use. The analysis highlights significant benefits such as promoting financial inclusion, reducing cash-handling costs, enhancing transparency in public welfare delivery, enabling programmable payments, and strengthening monetary sovereignty by offering a stable alternative to cryptocurrencies. However, the adoption of CBDCs also raises critical concerns around cybersecurity, privacy, regulatory readiness, digital infrastructure disparities, and potential disruption to traditional banking intermediation. India’s phased rollout and two-tier operational model are reviewed alongside international experiences, including those of China, Sweden, the Bahamas, and Nigeria, to identify global best practices and contextual challenges. Ultimately, this paper argues that the success of the Digital Rupee will depend on coordinated policy formulation, public trust, robust technological architecture, and inclusive access. If implemented strategically, digital currency in India holds the potential to transform the country’s financial ecosystem, drive innovation in digital governance, and position India as a leader in the future of money.

Keywords: Digital currency, CBDC, Digital Rupee, RBI, Indian economy, financial inclusion, blockchain, digital payments