Formulation and in vivo characterization of Isoniazid SLN and PLGA Nanoparticle Systems

Abstract

Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge, requiring long-term administration of multiple drugs such as isoniazid. Conventional drug delivery of isoniazid often results in rapid metabolism, short half-life, and limited tissue retention, which may reduce therapeutic efficiency. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate isoniazid-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for improved drug delivery and tissue distribution. PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using a modified multiple emulsion solvent evaporation technique, whereas SLNs were formulated using the hot high-shear homogenization method with glyceryl dibehenate as lipid and Tween 80 as surfactant. Optimization of formulation variables was carried out using response surface methodology through Box–Behnken and Central Composite Design to evaluate the influence of formulation parameters on particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release behavior. In vivo studies were conducted in Albino Wistar rats to investigate tissue drug distribution in organs such as liver, lungs, and spleen. The results demonstrated sustained drug deposition and improved tissue distribution of isoniazid when delivered through nanoparticle systems compared with free drug administration. The findings suggest that SLN and PLGA nanoparticle formulations may provide an effective nanocarrier system for enhancing therapeutic efficiency and controlled delivery of isoniazid in tuberculosis treatment.

Keywords: Isoniazid; Solid Lipid Nanoparticles; PLGA Nanoparticles; Nanocarrier Drug Delivery; Tuberculosis; In Vivo Drug Distribution; Controlled Drug Release.